Question 1

Children with a favorable self-image tend to have parents who are _____.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands. It is associated with positive outcomes in children, including a favorable self-image. This parenting style involves setting clear expectations, being responsive to children's needs, and providing support and guidance, which contribute to the development of a positive self-image in children.

Question 2

Samuel is a nine-year-old boy with a favorable self-image and has confidence in his abilities. He believes that hard work is the key to success. Samuel's parents are most likely to be _______.

Accepted Answer

Samuel's positive self-image and belief in hard work suggest that his parents are involved in his life, provide a balance of guidance and freedom, and show him love and support. This parenting style is best described as restrictive (setting clear boundaries), involved (actively participating in the child's life), and loving (providing emotional support and encouragement), which does not match the negative connotations associated with the other options.

Question 3

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 2 _______.

Accepted Answer

In level 2, children understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas, which reflects their growing ability to recognize and consider different perspectives.

Question 4

Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children develop the ability to compare themselves with their peers, leading to more realistic self-appraisals. This is a significant cognitive and social development milestone, distinguishing their self-awareness from the more egocentric views seen in preschoolers.

Question 5

According to Piaget, middle childhood is partly characterized by ______.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, according to Piaget, children move into the Concrete Operational stage, where they start to think logically about concrete events. They begin to understand the concept of conservation, can classify objects, and most notably, show a decline in egocentrism, meaning they are better able to see things from another person's perspective.

Question 6

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0 _______.

Accepted Answer

At level 0, according to Robert Selman's theory of perspective-taking, children are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.

Question 7

Emily is an 11-year-old girl with an inferiority complex. She believes herself to be a good-for-nothing and views the world as cold and unfair. Emily's parents are most likely to be _______.

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents often have high expectations and strict rules, which can lead to children developing feelings of inferiority and viewing the world negatively if they feel they cannot meet these expectations.

Question 8

Isabel is an 11-year-old girl. Her parents are loving and nurturing, and they encourage her to study as well as pursue her hobbies. They also allow her to ask questions and try their best to answer them. However, Isabel is expected to follow certain rules set by her parents. Isabel is most likely to have _____.

Accepted Answer

Isabel's parents provide a supportive and nurturing environment while setting clear boundaries, which is conducive to developing high self-esteem in children. They encourage her intellectual and personal growth, which does not suggest a low intelligence quotient or authoritarian parenting. Totalitarian parenting is not a recognized parenting style; the term might be confused with authoritarian, but the description does not match authoritarian characteristics.

Question 9

Compared to boys, in middle childhood, girls tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared to boys, in middle childhood, girls...

Question 10

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 1 _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the five levels of perspective-taking...

Question 11

According to social cognitive theory, in middle childhood, children _______.

Accepted Answer

In middle childhood, according to social cognitive theory, children are exposed to an increasing variety of models, which influences their learning and behavior.

Question 12

Rashida, an 11-year-old girl, has not completed her math homework. She anticipates a reprimand from the teacher but believes that if she told the teacher that she was busy playing with her new toy and forgot all about her homework, the teacher would understand and forgive her. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Rashida's belief that her teacher would understand and forgive her for not doing her homework because she was playing, demonstrates level 1 of perspective-taking skills. At this level, children recognize that different perspectives exist but often believe that their own perspective is the most important or that others will share their perspective.

Question 13

Jack, a seven-year-old, did not eat his lunch at school. He knew that his mother will be angry if he did not explain why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believed that his mother will understand if he told her that the food was stale. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Jack's belief that his mother will understand his perspective if he explains the situation to her indicates level 1 of perspective-taking skills, where children recognize that different perspectives exist but think that these perspectives can be easily shared and understood by explaining.

Question 14

Which of the following theories focuses on the importance of rewards and modeling in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling, along with the importance of rewards and punishments in learning processes, which are crucial aspects of development in middle childhood.

Question 15

Compared to girls, in middle childhood, boys tend to have more positive self-concept regarding _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared to girls, in middle childhood, boys...

Question 16

In which of the following perspective-taking levels described by Robert Selman does a child begin to value the perspectives of the larger social group?

Accepted Answer

At Level 4, which is typically reached in adolescence, individuals begin to understand that societal perspectives and systems influence individual viewpoints. They start to value the perspectives of the larger social group, recognizing that these perspectives can differ from personal and immediate interpersonal viewpoints.

Question 17

Juan, a nine-year-old boy, wanders away from his father during a visit to the supermarket. After being found 30 minutes later, he tells his father that he wanted to look at the Halloween decorations a little longer. Although he expects his father to be angry with him, he believes that his father would stop being upset if he saw the decorations were attractive. He fails to consider that his father might feel differently. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Juan's reasoning reflects level 1 of perspective-taking skills, where children recognize that others may have different perspectives but assume that others will feel the same way they do once they have the same information.

Question 18

Social cognition most broadly refers to the development of children's understanding of ______.

Accepted Answer

Social cognition broadly refers to how children develop an understanding of their relationships and interactions with others, encompassing a wide range of social contexts beyond just parents or peers.

Question 19

Andrew is a 10-year-old boy. His parents often scold and humiliate him. They also expect Andrew to obey strict rules without asking questions. In this scenario, Andrew is most likely to have _____.

Accepted Answer

Children who are frequently scolded, humiliated, and expected to follow strict rules without questioning are likely to develop low self-esteem. This is because they may internalize the negative feedback and strict control as indicators of their own inadequacy or lack of worth.

Question 20

Children with low self-esteem are likely to have _____.

Accepted Answer

Children with low self-esteem are often found to have authoritarian parents. Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, which can lead to children feeling undervalued or not good enough, impacting their self-esteem negatively.

Quiz 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Developmeny