Question 1

The U.S. Supreme Court held that federal criminal procedure rules regarding discovery do not require release of documents needed to make a selective prosecution claim in:

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Supreme Court held in U.S. v. Armstrong et al. (1996) that federal criminal procedure rules regarding discovery do not require release of documents needed to make a selective prosecution claim. In this case, the defendant argued that he was being selectively prosecuted based on his race, but the Court found that he failed to meet the threshold requirement of showing that similarly situated individuals of a different race were not prosecuted. Therefore, the Court did not require the release of documents related to the defendant's selective prosecution claim.

Question 2

The second bail reform movement occurred during the:

Accepted Answer

The second bail reform movement occurred during the 1970s. This movement was a response to concerns about the inequities of the cash bail system, which disproportionately affected low-income individuals and people of color. The movement resulted in changes to bail laws and procedures in many states, including the implementation of pretrial services and the use of risk assessment tools to determine whether individuals should be released or detained pending trial.

Question 3

The U.S. Supreme Court held that the decision to prosecute may not be deliberately based upon an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification in:

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

The strongest predictor of the outcome of a bail decision is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strongest predictor of the outcome of...

Question 5

In 1951 there were only _ public defender organizations in the US.

Accepted Answer

According to the sentence, there were only a specific number of public defender organizations in the US in 1951. The best choice is C, as it states the specific number of 7 organizations. The other options do not align with the information given in the sentence.

Question 6

The __________ found that the majority of defendants released on their own recognizance did appear for trial.

Accepted Answer

The Manhattan Bail Project conducted a study that found that the majority of defendants released on their own recognizance appeared for trial. The other options listed were not involved in this study.

Question 7

The first bail reform movement occurred during the:

Accepted Answer

The first significant bail reform movement in the United States occurred during the 1960s, aiming to address the inequities in the bail system and ensure that pretrial detention was used more judiciously.

Question 8

The U.S. Supreme Court applied the right to counsel at all critical stages in the criminal justice process, not just at trial, in:

Accepted Answer

Mempa v. Rhay (1967) extended the right to counsel to all critical stages of the criminal justice process, not just at trial, ensuring defendants have legal representation during important proceedings like sentencing.

Question 9

The U.S. Supreme Court barred imprisonment of a person for any offense unless they are represented by counsel in:

Accepted Answer

In Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972), the U.S. Supreme Court established that a person cannot be imprisoned for any offense unless they are represented by counsel. This ruling extended the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel to all criminal cases, including misdemeanor offenses. Strickland v. Washington (1984) dealt with the standard for determining ineffective assistance of counsel, Norris v. State of Alabama (1935) dealt with the right to a fair trial and the exclusion of African American jurors, and Bordenkircher v. Haye (1978) dealt with the constitutionality of plea bargaining practices.

Question 10

The U.S. Supreme Court held that defendants are entitled to effective assistance of counsel in 1984, but this was later revisited in the 2002 case of:

Accepted Answer

The 2002 case of Williams v. Taylor revisited the issue of effective assistance of counsel, building on the precedent set in 1984.

Question 11

The U.S. Supreme Court held that due process of law required appointment of counsel for young, inexperienced, illiterate, and indigent defendants in capital cases in:

Accepted Answer

Powell v. Alabama (1932) was the case where the Supreme Court held that due process required the appointment of counsel for defendants who were young, inexperienced, illiterate, and indigent in capital cases.

Question 12

The odds of pretrial detention for__________ males were twice those for white males, and the differences between these males and either African-American females or white females were even larger.

Accepted Answer

The statement indicates that African-American males had twice the odds of pretrial detention compared to white males, and the disparity was even greater when compared to females of either African-American or white descent.

Question 13

In 1984, the Supreme Court articulated constitutional standards for determining whether a defendant had ineffective assistance of counsel in the case of:

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court case Strickland v. Washington (1984) established the standard for determining whether a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated due to ineffective assistance of counsel.

Question 14

The right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions is established in the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to counsel in criminal prosecutions.

Question 15

The emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1960s was:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The emphasis of bail reform efforts in...

Question 16

The U.S. Supreme Court extended to the states the requirement to appoint for all indigent defendants in:

Accepted Answer

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) is the landmark case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel is a fundamental right applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, requiring states to provide attorneys for indigent defendants in criminal cases.

Question 17

Repeated studies consistently show that pretrial detention has __________ on other case processing decisions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Repeated studies consistently show that pretrial detention...

Question 18

The U.S. Supreme Court required the appointment of counsel for all indigent defendants in federal criminal cases in:

Accepted Answer

Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) established the requirement for the appointment of counsel for indigent defendants in federal criminal cases.

Question 19

The emphasis of bail reform efforts in the 1970s was:

Accepted Answer