After the Civil War, African Americans Were Poor and Lacked

After the Civil War, African Americans were poor and lacked access to education because:

A) the federal government prohibited land ownership
B) migration to the north was prohibited
C) land ownership could only be acquired through birth rights
D) state and local government policies maintained rules that    economically and socially marginalized former slaves
E) the Constitution was not amended to protect the civil rights of African           Americans