According to Marx and Habermas, the personal feelings of powerlessness that accompany modernization are the result of

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Marx and Habermas saw the personal feelings of powerlessness arising from modernization as a result of social inequality, particularly as a result of the growing divide between the ruling class and the working class. They believed that the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few elites left the majority of people without control over their own lives and without a sense of agency or empowerment. This led to a sense of alienation and disconnection from society, as well as to feelings of resentment and frustration.

According to Marx and Habermas, the Personal Feelings of Powerlessness