If the copy number of a proto-oncogene is increased by gene duplication then the proto-oncogene has undergone

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Gene duplication and subsequent amplification of the proto-oncogene's copy number is known as gene amplification, which is a common mechanism of oncogene activation. This leads to the overexpression of the oncogene, which can contribute to the development and progression of cancer. A missense mutation is a single-base substitution that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein, a chromosomal translocation is a rearrangement of genetic material between two non-homologous chromosomes, retroviral insertion is the integration of a retroviral genome into the host DNA, and a nonsense mutation is a single base substitution that results in the formation of a premature stop codon. These mechanisms are not directly related to proto-oncogene activation.

If the Copy Number of a Proto-Oncogene Is Increased by Gene