The nurse assesses for cancer risk factors during a screening event at a gastroenterology clinic. Which of the following client statements include risk factors for esophageal cancer? Select all that apply.

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11ecbb05_c9c9_34c5_b433_6f38cbdfddab_MD0009_00 Esophageal cancer is a rare, rapidly growing malignancy of the esophageal lining with a low 5-year survival rate. Squamous cell carcinoma usually develops in the upper part of the esophagus, whereas adenocarcinoma usually develops in the lower part. Major risk factors include smoking (eg, cigarettes, pipe, cigars) and excessive alcohol consumption (ie, approximately >15 drinks/week for men, >8 drinks/week for women) (Options A and C). Barrett esophagus is also a significant risk factor for esophageal cancer; this condition occurs when the distal portion of the esophagus develops precancerous changes. Obesity (which allows stomach acid to flow upward into the esophagus due to increased abdominal pressure) and uncontrolled gastroesophageal reflux disease contribute to the development of Barrett esophagus; they are both closely linked with esophageal cancer (Options B and D). (Option E) Consumption of salty foods is not associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer but increases the risk of gastric cancer. Dietary factors that may increase a client's risk of esophageal cancer include high intake of nitrosamine-containing foods (eg, pickled foods, beer), frequent ingestion of extremely hot beverages (thermal injury), and deficient intake of fruits and vegetables. Educational objective: Esophageal cancer is a rapidly growing malignancy of the esophageal lining. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

The Nurse Assesses for Cancer Risk Factors During a Screening