The nurse caring for a group of clients on the gynecology unit recognizes that which are at increased risk for developing breast cancer? Select all that apply.

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Breast cancer is the unregulated growth of abnormal breast tissue cells and the second most common cause of cancer deaths among women. When palpated, the breast lump is usually described as hard, irregularly shaped, non-mobile, and nontender. Mammography usually detects breast cancer. Non-modifiable breast cancer risk factors include: Female sex and age ≥50 (Options D and E) First-degree relative (mother or sister) with history of breast cancer (Option A) BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations (Option B) Personal history of endometrial or ovarian cancer Menarche before age 12 or menopause after age 55 Modifiable breast cancer risk factors include: Hormone therapy with estrogen and/or progesterone (increased risk if taken after menopause) (Option E) Postmenopausal weight gain and obesity as fat cells store estrogen (Option D) History of smoking and alcohol consumption Dietary fat intake Sedentary lifestyle (Option C) A client whose menstrual period began at age 17 would not be at increased risk for breast cancer. Clients who began menarche early (before age 12) or had late menopause (after age 55) are at increased risk for breast cancer. Educational objective: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Breast cancer non-modifiable risk factors include female sex, advanced age, first-degree relative with breast cancer, and BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations. Modifiable risk factors include behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, dietary fat intake, and postmenopausal weight gain and hormone therapy.

The Nurse Caring for a Group of Clients on the Gynecology