A Research Compared the Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Body

A research compared the effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on body weight to that of a low-fat diet. A sample of 150 overweight but otherwise healthy people from a big metropolis were enrolled in the trial and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either the low-carbohydrate (40 g/d) or the low-fat (7 percent saturated fat) diet. At 12 months, the low-carbohydrate diet group lost more weight than the low-fat diet group, with a mean difference in body weight loss of 3.5 kg (p = 0.01, predefined significance threshold = 0.05) . Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the study's findings?

A) The observed mean difference in body weight change of -3.5 kg is not statistically significant
B) The probability of observing a mean difference in body weight change of -3.5 kg is 0.01
C) There is a 1% chance of observing a mean difference in body weight change of at least -3.5 kg when no difference between groups is assumed
D) There is a 1% chance that an adult on a low-carbohydrate diet will have a body weight change of at least -3.5 kg at 12 months after starting the diet
E) There is a 1% chance that the mean difference in body weight change is biased in favor of the low-carbohydrate diet group