A meta-analyses published in 2016 showed that, out of 17 variables examined, the strongest effect size of associations between spanking and child behaviors was for the children being a victim of physical abuse.

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The meta-analysis indeed found that among the variables examined, the strongest association with spanking was an increased risk of the child becoming a victim of physical abuse. This highlights the potential for escalation from spanking to more severe forms of punishment.

A Meta-Analyses Published in 2016 Showed That, Out of 17