The first regulatory agency in the modern sense of an agency making, enforcing, and adjudicating its own rules independent of the executive branch of the government was the:

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The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was established in 1887 as the first regulatory agency in the modern sense, specifically designed to regulate the railroads and later expanded to other modes of transportation. It was unique at the time for its independence in making, enforcing, and adjudicating its own rules, separate from the executive branch of the government.

The First Regulatory Agency in the Modern Sense of an Agency