One contemporary criticism of Klapper's phenoministic theory is that it equates reinforcement with no effects.

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Klapper's phenomenistic theory, which posits that media generally do not have powerful direct effects on audiences but rather reinforce existing beliefs, has been criticized for suggesting that reinforcement equates to having no significant effects, overlooking the potential for reinforcement to strengthen and perpetuate existing attitudes and behaviors.

One Contemporary Criticism of Klapper's Phenoministic Theory Is That It