Which of the Following Factors Did Not Shape Japan's Pursuit

Which of the following factors did not shape Japan's pursuit of an overseas empire?

A) the Tokugawa shogunate's desire for contact with Western culture
B) vastly expanded legitimate foreign trade with China into and out of Shanghai and its proximity to Japan
C) rapid growth of the whaling industry in the North Pacific brought Western ships into contact with Japanese ships and port cities
D) the United States gaining control over the Pacific Coast of North America and the American West, both of which opened the door to increasing Asian migration and human trafficking.