The "fourth wave of threat" to Islamic culture perceived by radical Islamists is the set of ideas that falls under the general heading of

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The "fourth wave of threat" to Islamic culture, as perceived by radical Islamists, includes ideas associated with modernity such as liberalism, secularism, materialism, religious toleration, and sexual equality. These concepts challenge traditional values and practices, leading to concerns about cultural and religious dilution.

The "Fourth Wave of Threat" to Islamic Culture Perceived by Radical