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A few decades ago,Knudsen and colleagues proposed a theory that,for a normal cell to become a cancer cell,a minimum of two genetic changes had to occur in that cell.Knudsen was studying retinoblastoma,a childhood cancer of the eye.
-Which of the following types of mutation would convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

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A mutation that greatly increases the amount of the proto-oncogene protein will convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene. Proto-oncogenes are normal cellular genes that regulate cell division but can be mutated to become oncogenes, which promote excessive cell proliferation and can lead to cancer. Normally, proto-oncogenes are regulated by controls on transcription, translation, and protein stability. However, mutations that increase the amount of the proto-oncogene protein, such as gene amplification or constitutive activation, can bypass these controls and cause oncogenic transformation.

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