The second IV added to a research design to control for error variance is usually an active IV.

Name: The second IV added to a research design to control for error variance is usually an active IV.
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The second IV added to a research design to control for error variance is often a blocking variable or a covariate, not necessarily an active IV. Active IVs are manipulated by the researcher, while blocking variables or covariates are used to control for potential confounding variables.

The Second IV Added to a Research Design to Control