A researcher is studying radiation outcomes of two groups of patients who have been treated at either Clinic A or Clinic B. Radiation therapy is an example of an active, manipulated independent variable.

Question

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Radiation therapy in this context is not an active, manipulated independent variable because it is a treatment variable that is applied based on clinical decisions and patient conditions, not manipulated by the researcher for the purpose of the study.

A Researcher Is Studying Radiation Outcomes of Two Groups of Patients