Question 1

While Jack knew he was hungry his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.
A)paraventricular nucleus
B)arcuate nucleus
C)vagus nucleus
D)ventral hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

The arcuate nucleus is responsible for monitoring the body's nutrient condition and regulating hunger and satiety. Therefore, it is likely that Jack's arcuate nucleus was "deciding" what he was hungry for. The other nuclei listed may have other functions related to hunger regulation, but they are not specifically responsible for monitoring nutrient levels.

Question 2

In animal models of obesity,a mutation in the ___ gene can produce an animal that is very obese and has a yellow coat color;however.a particular ___ by the mother can alter this outcome in any offspring with this mutation.
A)ghrelin,gestational event
B)agouti,diet
C)NPY,diet
D)agouti,gestational event

Accepted Answer

The agouti gene mutation can lead to obesity and yellow coat color in animals. However, the mother's diet can influence the expression of this gene in offspring, potentially altering these outcomes.

Question 3

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome may have some defect in their ___ system.
A)vagus nerve
B)ghrelin
C)cholecystokinin
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin is a hormone responsible for regulating appetite, and individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have been found to have elevated levels of ghrelin. This suggests that there may be some defect in their ghrelin system, causing them to feel constant hunger and overeat. The vagus nerve and cholecystokinin have not been specifically linked to Prader-Willi syndrome.

Question 4

You decide to be good to yourself and eat an entire giant cinnamon roll with lots of icing.Afterwards,your glucoprivic hunger would be ___,and your lipoprivic hunger would be ___.
A)low,low
B)low,high
C)high,low
D)high,high

Accepted Answer

Glucoprivic hunger is triggered by a drop in blood glucose levels, which would be low after eating a sugary cinnamon roll. Lipoprivic hunger is stimulated by a deficiency in fatty acids, which would also be low because the icing likely contains fats.

Question 5

Linzie was wondering if a gene mutation in the rat that increased neuropeptide Y would produce an animal with a genetic basis for:
A)Anorexia
B)Obesity
C)Diabetes
D)Poor taste discrimination

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptide Y is known to stimulate appetite and promote the storage of fat. Therefore, an increase in neuropeptide Y levels in rats would likely result in obesity, rather than anorexia, diabetes, or poor taste discrimination.

Question 6

What happened to the rat with lesion damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?
A)It died of thirst.
B)It ate uncontrollably and therefore got very obese.
C)It lost its appetite and therefore got dangerously thin.
D)It lost the ability to regulate its own internal temperature.

Accepted Answer

Lesion damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) can lead to hyperphagia, or excessive and uncontrolled eating. This can result in obesity as the rat continues to consume food without regulating its appetite.

Question 7

Storage of glucose and fats is controlled by:
A)Current glucose levels in the blood
B)Glycogen
C)Insulin
D)Adipose

Accepted Answer

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels, which promotes the storage of glucose in liver and muscle cells as glycogen, and encourages adipose tissue to take up glucose and convert it to fatty acids for storage.

Question 8

The vagus nerve is important to hunger because it is:
A)Used by the brain to monitor protein levels
B)Used by the medulla to keep track of nutrient levels in the body
C)Used by the PVN to monitor fat levels
D)Not important for hunger,but is important for thirst

Accepted Answer

The medulla, located in the brainstem, uses the vagus nerve to receive information about the nutrient levels in the body, including glucose and amino acids. This information helps regulate hunger and satiety signals.

Question 9

Injecting 2-DG (a non-nutrient resembling glucose)into the hepatic portal vein:
A)Produces overeating
B)Produces under-eating
C)Increases the storage of fat
D)Increases the utilization of stored fat

Accepted Answer

Injecting 2-DG into the hepatic portal vein produces overeating because it acts as a glucose analog that interferes with glucose metabolism, leading the body to perceive a state of glucose deficiency, which triggers hunger and stimulates food intake.

Question 10

Based on what you now know,you might speculate that obese individuals who are extremely resistant to losing weight might have an overactive ___ system.
A)insulin
B)marcaptan
C)ghrelin
D)strychnin

Accepted Answer

Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates appetite and increases food intake. Studies have shown that obese individuals have increased levels of ghrelin, which may lead to their resistance to weight loss. Therefore, an overactive ghrelin system could be a possible reason for obese individuals being extremely resistant to losing weight. Insulin is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and plays a role in obesity, but an overactive insulin system would not necessarily cause resistance to weight loss. Mercaptan and strychnine have no known involvement in obesity or weight loss.

Question 11

When insulin levels are low:
A)Glucose is available only to the nervous system
B)Glucose is available to all cells in the body
C)Glucagons triggers the storage of fats
D)The liver converts glucose to glycerol for use in the brain

Accepted Answer

When insulin levels are low, glucose is not taken up by cells and instead is available only to the nervous system. This is because the nervous system does not require insulin for glucose uptake.

Question 12

Because increased neuropeptide Y results in weight gain that is disproportionately greater than the increase in food intake:
A)This suggests that neuropeptide Y also conserves energy
B)Thirst and hunger must be related
C)The medulla must monitor fat levels
D)The liver is not the only mechanism for initiating a meal

Accepted Answer

Increased neuropeptide Y not only stimulates hunger and food intake, but it also has been shown to decrease energy expenditure and increase fat storage. This suggests that neuropeptide Y plays a role in conserving energy, which would contribute to weight gain that is disproportionately greater than the increase in food intake.

Question 13

An overweight person considering gastric-bypass surgery might hope,instead,for a safe mechanism of blocking the effects of ___ that dramatically increases eating while also reducing metabolism.
A)mercaptoacetate
B)neuropeptide NST
C)neuropeptide Y
D)neuropeptide Z

Accepted Answer

Neuropeptide Y is known to increase appetite and decrease metabolism. Blocking its effects can help reduce the urge to eat, making it a logical target for weight loss treatments. The other options (mercaptoacetate, neuropeptide NST, and neuropeptide Z) are not known to have significant effects on appetite or metabolism.

Question 14

During the absorptive phase of digestion:
A)Insulin is secreted,which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
B)Glucagon is secreted,which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
C)Insulin is secreted,which enables body cells to release glucose and excess nutrients
D)Glucagon is secreted,which enables body cells to release glucose and excess nutrients

Accepted Answer

During the absorptive phase of digestion, the hormone insulin is secreted by the pancreas. Insulin helps body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients, such as lipids and amino acids, for energy or later use. This is also known as the fed state or anabolism, which is when the body is building up and storing energy.

Question 15

Eating is initiated by the:
A)Paraventricular nucleus
B)Subfornical nucleus
C)Liver
D)Pancreas

Accepted Answer

The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus is one of the key areas that controls appetite and feeding behavior. It receives signals from various parts of the body and releases neuropeptides that stimulate or suppress eating. The other options (B, C, and D) are not directly involved in initiating eating behavior.

Question 16

Lipoprivic hunger occurs when:
A)Glucose levels are low
B)There is a deficit in fatty acids
C)Amino acid levels are low
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Lipoprivic hunger is a type of hunger that occurs due to a deficit in fatty acids. This deficit can be caused by a low-fat diet, malabsorption of fats, or other medical conditions that interfere with the uptake of fatty acids. Lipoprivic hunger is thought to stimulate the release of ghrelin, a hormone that increases hunger and food intake. Glucose levels and amino acid levels do not play a direct role in lipoprivic hunger.

Question 17

During the fasting phase of digestion:
A)The body can only use recently consumed energy sources
B)The pancreas secretes glucagon
C)Glucose levels in the blood rise and fall rapidly
D)There is no fasting phase of digestion

Accepted Answer

During the fasting phase of digestion, the pancreas secretes glucagon. This hormone stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose, which can then be used as energy by the body. This helps to maintain blood glucose levels during periods of fasting. A is incorrect because the body can also use stored energy sources during fasting. C is incorrect because blood glucose levels actually decrease during the fasting phase as glucose is used up for energy. D is incorrect because there is indeed a fasting phase of digestion.

Question 18

In the liver:
A)Glucose is metabolized
B)Fatty acid levels are monitored
C)CCK is released to initiate eating
D)Blood levels signal the stomach for the feeling of fullness after a large meal

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the liver:
A)Glucose is metabolized
B)Fatty acid levels...

Question 19

The two major pathways that information pass from the digestive system to the brain are through the ___ and ___.
A)medulla,thalamus
B)hypothalamus,pons
C)vagus nerve,blood vessels
D)duodenum,kidneys

Accepted Answer

The vagus nerve is responsible for carrying signals from the digestive system to the brain. Blood vessels also play a role in this process, carrying nutrients and other substances from the gut to the brain. The other options listed do not accurately represent the pathways through which information travels from the digestive system to the brain.

Question 20

Glucoprivic hunger occurs when:
A)Glucose levels are low
B)There is a deficit in fatty acids
C)Amino acid levels are low
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Glucoprivic hunger occurs when glucose levels are low. This can happen when a person has not eaten in a long time or when they are on a low-carbohydrate diet. The body senses this lack of glucose and triggers hunger signals to encourage the person to eat foods that will raise their blood sugar levels.

Quiz 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States

While Jack knew he was hungry his ___ was "deciding" what he was hungry for by monitoring his body's nutrient condition.

In animal models of obesity,a mutation in the _ gene can produce an animal that is very obese and has a yellow coat color;however.a particular _ by the mother can alter this outcome in any offspring with this mutation.

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome may have some defect in their ___ system.

You decide to be good to yourself and eat an entire giant cinnamon roll with lots of icing.Afterwards,your glucoprivic hunger would be _,and your lipoprivic hunger would be _.

Linzie was wondering if a gene mutation in the rat that increased neuropeptide Y would produce an animal with a genetic basis for:

What happened to the rat with lesion damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Storage of glucose and fats is controlled by:

The vagus nerve is important to hunger because it is:

Injecting 2-DG (a non-nutrient resembling glucose) into the hepatic portal vein:

Based on what you now know,you might speculate that obese individuals who are extremely resistant to losing weight might have an overactive ___ system.

When insulin levels are low:

Because increased neuropeptide Y results in weight gain that is disproportionately greater than the increase in food intake:

An overweight person considering gastric-bypass surgery might hope,instead,for a safe mechanism of blocking the effects of ___ that dramatically increases eating while also reducing metabolism.

During the absorptive phase of digestion:

Eating is initiated by the:

Lipoprivic hunger occurs when:

During the fasting phase of digestion:

In the liver:

The two major pathways that information pass from the digestive system to the brain are through the _ and _.

Glucoprivic hunger occurs when: