Brazil Has a Weak Party System Because

Brazil has a weak party system because

A) of historical circumstances such as the corporatism of the New State era making the formation of independent political parties difficult.
B) the country's open-list proportional representation system creates incentives for politicians to ignore party labels because voters can easily cross party lines.
C) state, not national, parties select legislative candidates.
D) until 2007, candidates could easily shift their party affiliation, even in the midst of an election.
E) All of the above statements are true.