When considering a changing world, both Christian and Islamic scholars wrestled with the question of everyday changes. Although secondary causation worked for most European philosophers, Islamic thinkers rejected it because:

Question

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Islamic thinkers rejected secondary causation because it took some power and omnipotence away from God, making God less active. They believed that everything, even the actions of humans, occurred only by the will of God.

When Considering a Changing World, Both Christian and Islamic Scholars