According to Professors Vidmar and Miller, Which of the Following

According to Professors Vidmar and Miller, which of the following is a principal source of retributive emotions?

A) the individual's attachment to the group
B) the internalization of group values
C) the perception of an offense as a threat to group values
D) the individual's effort to obtain social acceptance about the moral rightness of a violated rule
E) all of the above