The second wave of strategic culture scholarship occurred alongside the rise of Marxism as a field of international relations theory; consequently, it took seriously the impact of domestic factors on security, including culture, and worked these into a coherent research program.

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The second wave of strategic culture scholarship, which emerged in the 1980s, focused on how culture influenced national security policies and decision-making, but it was not specifically aligned with the rise of Marxism in international relations theory. This wave sought to understand the role of culture beyond the constraints of any single theoretical framework, including Marxism.

The Second Wave of Strategic Culture Scholarship Occurred Alongside the Rise