Drawing on ideas about offenders' failure to internalize personal self-control and the absence of direct external social controls such as law and informal social control, F. Ivan Nye distinguished between multiple kinds of controls. __________ control comes from the threat of punishment.

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F. Ivan Nye distinguished between direct external social control and indirect external social control. Direct control comes from the threat of punishment, such as the use of law enforcement to deter criminal behavior. Indirect control comes from the socialization process, in which individuals internalize personal self-control through norms and values learned from their family, peers, and community. Internal control refers to an individual's own sense of self-restraint and conscience.

Drawing on Ideas About Offenders' Failure to Internalize Personal Self-Control