Which of the Following Groups Was NOT Involved in the Movement

Which of the following groups was NOT involved in the movement that became known as the "Young Turks"?

A) An exile community located primarily in Paris and Geneva that had grown during Sultan Abdul Hamid II's reign
B) A group of discontented civil servants and students who viewed Hamidian repression as an impediment to necessary reforms
C) Disaffected army officers stationed in Ottoman Europe
D) Members of the ulama who resented Sultan Abdul Hamid II's focus on sectarian governance