Biological factors such as sex chromosomes and hormones are challenged as full explanations for the development of gender roles by:

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All of these factors challenge biological explanations for the development of gender roles. Gender role changes within a culture across time illustrate how gender roles are socially constructed and not solely based on biological factors. Self-fulfilling prophesies about expected behavior demonstrate how societal beliefs about gender roles reinforce behaviors associated with those roles. Cross-cultural gender differences further support the idea that gender roles are influenced by cultural and social factors, rather than solely biological ones.

Biological Factors Such as Sex Chromosomes and Hormones Are Challenged