Shapiro Discusses Experiments About the Role of Expectations in the Experience

Shapiro discusses experiments about the role of expectations in the experience of drug use to show that

A) drug effects are inherently biological and are not influenced at all by expectations and other psychological factors.
B) users who do not expect to get addicted to "hard" drugs almost always do.
C) there is no such thing as drug addiction.
D) sometimes a drug's effects are the direct result of what one expects from the drug.