Political elites in the old land-based empires of Russia and the Ottoman Empire were torn between reform and

Question

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Political elites in both the Russian and Ottoman empires were torn between the need for reform and the desire to maintain continuity with traditional systems of government and society. War, revolution, expansionist needs, and westernization were also factors, but they were not the primary concern for these elites.

Political Elites in the Old Land-Based Empires of Russia and the Ottoman