States That Instituted White Primaries Tried to Justify Them with the Argument

States that instituted white primaries tried to justify them with the argument that

A) political parties were private clubs that could define their own membership requirements, including race.
B) no black candidates were running for office, so blacks had no stake in voting.
C) blacks never tried to vote in the primaries.
D) blacks had their own "separate but equal" primaries for black candidates.
E) if they let blacks vote, they would have to let Native Americans vote, too.