The study of factors and mechanisms of disease frequency and spread within a population is called:

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Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It involves the study of the distribution and determinants of health and diseases in populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Endemic refers to a disease or condition that is regularly found and prevalent in a certain population, while epidemic refers to a sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease or condition beyond what is normally expected. Etiology refers to the study of the causes or origins of diseases.

The Study of Factors and Mechanisms of Disease Frequency and Spread