Hypoxemia produces hyperventilation by a direct effect on the

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[VIII B 2]. Hypoxemia stimulates breathing by a direct effect on the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies. Central (medullary) chemoreceptors are stimulated by $\mathrm{CO}_{2}\left(\right.$ or $\left.\mathrm{H}^{+}\right)$. The $\mathrm{J}$ receptors and lung stretch receptors are not chemoreceptors. The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, and its activity is determined by the output of the brain stem breathing center.

Hypoxemia Produces Hyperventilation by a Direct Effect on the