Which of the Following Management Actions Reflects Agency Problems Due

Which of the following management actions reflects agency problems due to the fact that information held by the agent is hard to observe?

A) Enriching managers themselves even if shareholders do not benefit
B) Avoiding risky strategic initiatives even if shareholders view them as "reasonable"
C) Paying for services that seem excessive to the shareholders
D) Pumping up the firm's short-run performance even if shareholders are harmed in the long-run
E) Giving work a mediocre effort so managers do not have to work excessive hours