According to Murray and Warden (1992),what Long-Term Negative Effect Does

According to Murray and Warden (1992) ,what long-term negative effect does self-handicapping have on students?

A) When students fail, they attribute the failure to poor teachers.
B) When students do well, they are unable to relate this to their own ability.
C) When students fail, they attribute the failure to difficult tests.
D) When students do well, they interpret this as meaning they are more intelligent than their peers.