Which of the Following Describes a Standard Test Market

Which of the following describes a standard test market?

A) It is one in which the firm tests the product or marketing-mix variables through the company's normal distribution channels.
B) It is conducted by outside research firms that guarantee distribution of the product through prespecified types and numbers of distributors.
C) It includes a panel of consumers that has agreed to carry identification cards that each consumer presents when buying goods and services.
D) A limited amount of data on consumer response to a new product is fed into a model containing certain assumptions regarding planned marketing programs, which generates likely product sales volume.
E) none of the above