Question 1

The fact that a subject's behavior may change when they know they are being watched is called

Accepted Answer

The correct term for the phenomenon described is the observer effect, which refers to changes in behavior that occur when an individual knows they are being observed. The other answer choices are inaccurate or do not refer to this specific phenomenon.

Question 2

Because it is not always possible to conduct experiments,psychologists gather evidence and test hypotheses by using all of the following nonexperimental methods EXCEPT for the __________ method.

Accepted Answer

Pseudoscientific methods are not valid scientific methods, so they would not be used by psychologists to gather evidence and test hypotheses.

Question 3

Naturalistic observation,correlational studies,the clinical method,and the survey method are considered __________ methods.

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation, correlational studies, clinical method, and survey method are all examples of non-experimental research methods that do not involve manipulation of variables or control over extraneous factors. While they can provide valuable information, they do not allow for causal conclusions to be drawn.

Question 4

A psychologist using the method of naturalistic observation would

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in natural, everyday settings. This method does not involve carefully designed situations, nor does it rely on questionnaires. Additionally, the behavior being observed does not necessarily have to be that of clients treated in therapy; it could be any behavior exhibited by individuals in a natural setting. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 5

A psychologist observes the confrontation between two rival neighborhood gangs from the window of an abandoned building.This method of collecting observations is best described as

Accepted Answer

The method of collecting observations by observing the confrontation between two rival neighborhood gangs from the window of an abandoned building is best described as naturalistic observation. This approach involves observing participants in their natural environment without any manipulation or interference by the researcher.

Question 6

Psychologists who want to study behavior as it unfolds in natural settings use a technique called

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation involves observing and recording behavior in its natural setting without intervention or manipulation by the researcher. This technique is particularly useful for studying behavior as it occurs in real life situations and allows for a more accurate representation of how people behave in their natural environments. The other options listed (clinical method, correlational studies, survey method) are not necessarily focused on observing behavior in natural settings.

Question 7

Nonexperimental methods of research include

Accepted Answer

Nonexperimental methods of research include the clinical method, correlational studies, and the survey method. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes all of these methods.

Question 8

An advantage of naturalistic observation is that

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation involves observing people or animals in their real-life environment without interfering or manipulating their behavior. This means that behavior has not been tampered with by outside influences, making it a true representation of how individuals behave in their natural settings. This advantage allows researchers to gather data without the concern that the results may be biased due to experimental manipulation or the Hawthorne effect. However, it is important to note that this method does not allow for clear cause-and-effect relationships to be identified, nor does it allow for the prediction of behavior in large groups of subjects.

Question 9

When studying mental disorders,such as depression or anxiety,and the therapies used to treat them,psychologists are more likely to use the ___________ method.

Accepted Answer

The clinical method involves direct observation and interaction with patients who exhibit symptoms of mental disorders, which allows psychologists to diagnose and treat their conditions. Therefore, it is the most appropriate method for studying mental disorders and their therapies. Correlational, survey, and naturalistic observation methods may be useful in certain aspects of studying mental disorders but are less likely to be used as the primary method.

Question 10

Regarding biases in research,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Single-blind experiments control for research participant bias, not researcher bias.

Question 11

From her studies of chimpanzees in the wild in Tanzania,Jane Goodall showed that humans are not the only tool-making animals.In discovering this information,Jane Goodall used which
Type of research method?

Accepted Answer

Jane Goodall used naturalistic observation to study chimpanzees in their natural habitat, without manipulating or interfering with their behavior.

Question 12

You want to test people's reactions to a new artificial sweetener,and so you plan to give them coffee with two different kinds of sweetener.However,you are worried about possible cues you may give people as to which sweetener they're getting.So,you have your assistant prepare the packets so she knows which is which but you do not,and then you give the two coffees to your subjects.This type of experiment is called a __________ experiment.

Accepted Answer

In a double-blind experiment, neither the experimenter nor the participants know which group is receiving the experimental treatment and which group is receiving the control. In this case, the assistant knows which sweetener is in which packet, but the experimenter does not, ensuring that there are no unintentional cues or biases influencing the results.

Question 13

Psychologists who want to make measurements to discover relationships between events use a technique called

Accepted Answer

The correlational method is used to examine relationships between events or variables, through the measurement of the strength and direction of the relationship. The other options focus on different techniques, such as the clinical method for diagnosing and treating individuals, the survey method for collecting information from a large group of people, and naturalistic observation for observing behavior in its natural setting.

Question 14

Regarding the information provided by the nonexperimental methods,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The survey method is not used to establish cause-and-effect relationships regarding human behavior, as it only provides information on individuals' self-reported opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Thus, it is not a true experimental method and cannot establish causal relationships. Instead, surveys are commonly used to collect data on various aspects of human behavior, such as attitudes, beliefs, preferences, and demographics. Correlational methods may help establish relationships between variables, but they do not necessarily imply causation.

Question 15

Researchers using naturalistic observations to study an animal colony must avoid making friends with the animals to minimize the

Accepted Answer

Researchers must avoid making friends with the animals to minimize the effects of the observer on the observed. This is because the animals may start to behave differently around the researcher, leading to inaccurate observations and data collection.

Question 16

When psychologists want to determine cause-and-effect relationships regarding human behavior,they most often use the __________ method.

Accepted Answer

Experimental method allows researchers to manipulate an independent variable and observe changes in the dependent variable, therefore establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Clinical methods are focused on treatment and diagnosis of mental disorders, correlational methods only show associations between variables, and nonexperimental methods are often descriptive in nature and do not establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 17

Questions about the opinions and behavior of large groups of people are often best answered using the __________ method.

Accepted Answer

Surveys are a useful method for gathering data on the opinions and behavior of large groups of people because they allow researchers to collect information from a large sample size in a systematic and standardized way. Clinical methods are designed to diagnose and treat individual patients, while correlational methods are used to examine relationships between variables. Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in an unobtrusive way, and may not be feasible or practical for studying large groups of people.

Question 18

Limitations of naturalistic observation include the

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation can be limited by observer effects (the presence of the observer altering the behavior being observed) and observer bias (the observer's preconceived notions affecting their interpretation of the behavior being observed). The other choices do not accurately reflect limitations of naturalistic observation.

Question 19

The findings from naturalistic observations allow us to

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observations allow us to describe behavior as they involve observing behavior in its natural setting without manipulation of variables or controlling the conditions. However, they do not allow us to predict, explain or establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 20

Recording the behavior of people or animals in their real-life settings without imposing laboratory conditions is known as the __________ method.

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation involves observing people or animals in their natural settings without manipulating any variables. This method allows researchers to gather information about behavior that may be difficult to study in a laboratory setting, and provides insights into how behavior occurs in real-world situations.

Quiz 1: B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods