The scientific optimism of the late 19th century that held that biological causes would be found for all mental disorders has been largely fulfilled.

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While significant progress has been made in identifying biological causes for many mental disorders, there are still many disorders that do not have clearly identified biological causes. Additionally, the idea that all mental disorders can be explained solely by biology has been recognized as overly simplistic, with many mental health professionals adopting a biopsychosocial model that recognizes the interaction between biology, psychology, and social/environmental factors.

The Scientific Optimism of the Late 19th Century That Held