Question 1

After a long scuba diving session on a Caribbean reef, Carl boards a plane to Dallas. He begins to feel pain in his elbow on the flight back to Dallas. What is happening to him?

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Question 2

Jane had been suffering through a severe cold and was complaining of a frontal headache and a dull, aching pain at the side of her face. What regions are likely to become sites of secondary infection following nasal infection?

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Question 3

The partial pressure gradient for oxygen (in the body) is much steeper than that for carbon dioxide. Explain how equal amounts of these two gases can be exchanged (in a given time interval) in the lungs and at the tissues.

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Question 4

Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural pressure. Which of these is always negative in a healthy individual during normal breathing? What happens if intrapleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure?

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Question 5

Terminal bronchioles are lined with ________ epithelium.

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Question 6

Define anatomical dead space. What is the relationship between anatomical and alveolar dead space? Which value is likely to increase during lung pathology?

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Question 7

How is it possible to change the pitch of our voice from high to low?

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Question 8

While having a physical examination, a young male informed his doctor that at age 8 he had lobar pneumonia and pleurisy in his left lung. The physician decided to measure his VC. Describe the apparatus and method used for taking this measurement. Define the following terms used in the description of lung volumes: TV, IRV, ERV, RV, and VC.

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Question 9

Timothy has been having difficulty breathing since he had pneumonia last month. Recently he had severe pain in his chest and back, and his breathing was extremely irregular. The doctor at the emergency room told him that one of the lobes of his lung had collapsed. How could this happen?

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Question 10

A patient with tuberculosis is often noncompliant with treatment. Explain why this may happen.

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Question 11

While dining out in a restaurant a man suddenly chokes on a piece of meat. The waitress is also a student nurse and comes to the man's aid. She asks him if he can talk. The man responds by shaking his head no and grabbing at his neck. What is the significance of the man's inability to talk?

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Question 12

A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO₂ was 55 and PCO₂ was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Explain why the patient stopped breathing.

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Question 13

John has undergone surgery and has developed pneumonia. He also has a history of emphysema. Which symptoms and signs would the nurse expect to find?

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Question 14

What is the chloride shift and why does it occur?

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Question 15

How is alveolar gas exchange affected by emphysema and pneumonia?

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Question 16

How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO₂ in arterial blood?

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Question 17

A smoker sees his doctor because he had a persistent cough for months and is short of breath after very little exertion. What diagnosis will the doctor make and what can the person expect if he does not quit smoking?

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Question 18

Distinguish among anemic, ischemic, histotoxic, and hypoxemic hypoxia.

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Question 19

The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. Explain exactly what happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract.

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Quiz 21: The Respiratory System