According to People v. Lara, juveniles can waive their Miranda rights, but the validity of the waiver is determined by the circumstances of each case; this illustrates the ______________________ doctrine.

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The "totality of the circumstances" doctrine considers all of the factors surrounding the juvenile's waiver of Miranda rights to determine whether the waiver was valid. This approach takes into account the age and maturity of the juvenile, the circumstances of the interrogation, and any other relevant factors that may impact the voluntariness of the waiver.

According to People V