Literary Digest's prediction of the winner in the 1936 presidential election suffered from which common polling errors?
I.Wealthy Republicans were oversampled.
II.Polls were taken in early September,and voters changed their minds by November.
III.Only property owners were included in the sample.
IV.The polling relied heavily on self-selected respondents.

Question

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The oversampling of wealthy Republicans (I) and reliance on self-selected respondents (IV) both led to a biased sample that did not accurately represent the larger population. Additionally, the polls were taken too early in the election cycle (II), which meant that voter preferences may have changed by the time of the actual election. The exclusion of non-property owners (III) would also contribute to a biased sample, but this is not one of the common polling errors mentioned in the question stem.

Literary Digest's Prediction of the Winner in the 1936 Presidential