The nursing student is listing the phases of full-thickness wound healing to the nursing mentor.Which of the following phases she lists indicate she needs further education? (Select all that apply.)

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Wound healing occurs in four stages.(1)Hemostasis: Blood vessels constrict; clotting factors activate coagulation to stop bleeding.Clot formation seals disrupted vessels so blood loss is controlled and acts as a temporary bacterial barrier.Growth factors are released,which attract cells needed to begin tissue repair.(2)Inflammatory phase: Vasodilation occurs,allowing plasma and blood cells to leak into the wound,noted as edema,erythema,and exudate.Leukocytes (WBCs)arrive in the wound to begin cleanup.Macrophages appear and regulate the wound repair.(3)Proliferation/rebuilding phase: New capillaries are created,restoring the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the wound bed.At the same time new granulation tissue is formed.Collagen is synthesized and begins to provide strength and structural integrity to a wound.Contraction reduces the size of the wound.Epithelial resurfacing (the construction of new epidermis)begins to cover the wound.(4)Maturation/remodeling phase: Collagen is remodeled to become stronger and provide tensile strength to the wound.Outer appearance in an uncomplicated wound will be that of a well-healed scar.Healing by primary intention occurs when the wound edges of a clean surgical incision remain close together.Wounds left open and allowed to heal by scar formation are classified as healing by secondary intention.

The Nursing Student Is Listing the Phases of Full-Thickness Wound