World-systems theorists such as Wallerstein argue that an artificial division of labor has made earning a good income from free trade difficult for most

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According to world-systems theorists such as Wallerstein, the division of labor between developed and underdeveloped countries within the global capitalist system has resulted in a situation where it is difficult for less developed countries (LDCs) to earn a good income from free trade. This is because LDCs often specialize in producing raw materials, which have low value and are subject to volatile commodity markets, while developed countries specialize in producing high-value finished goods. As a result, LDCs are often trapped in a cycle of low wages and lack of access to advanced technology and markets.

World-Systems Theorists Such as Wallerstein Argue That an Artificial Division