Which of the following has developed because existing retail institutions were perceived by consumers as inadequately fulfilling market needs?

Question

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Consumer cooperatives have developed as a result of consumers perceiving existing retail institutions as inadequate in fulfilling their needs. Consumer cooperatives are owned and governed by the shoppers who use them, allowing for more personalized and community-focused shopping experiences. Independent channel ownership, leased departments, and total vertical integration are all retail strategies that may be implemented by existing retail institutions, rather than new developments in response to consumer needs.

Which of the Following Has Developed Because Existing Retail Institutions