Question 1

Which of the following diagnoses is currently used in most jurisdictions of the world to define a state of irreversible death?

Accepted Answer

Whole brain death is currently used in most jurisdictions of the world to define a state of irreversible death. This is defined as the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brainstem. It is different from higher brain death, which refers to the irreversible loss of cognitive and conscious functions but may still have some brainstem reflexes. Myocardial infarction and respiratory arrest are medical emergencies but not an indication of irreversible death.

Question 2

Which of the following terms describes a set of therapies that preserve a patient's life when body systems are not functioning sufficiently?

Accepted Answer

Life support refers to a set of therapies that preserve a patient's life when body systems are not functioning sufficiently. Advance directives are legal documents that allow individuals to make their healthcare wishes known in advance. Hierarchy of needs is a theory of human motivation. Therapeutic surgery refers to surgery that is performed to treat or cure a medical condition.

Question 3

For what type of research was Elizabeth Kubler-Ross best known?

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross was best known for her research on the five stages of grief which are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Question 4

What type of procedure or care provides a terminal patient with symptom relief or avoidance and improves quality of the remaining life expectancy?

Accepted Answer

Palliative care is focused on improving the quality of life for patients with terminal illnesses by managing their symptoms and addressing their emotional and spiritual needs. It aims to alleviate suffering and increase comfort, rather than provide a cure. Definitive, supportive, and therapeutic care may be appropriate for other types of medical conditions, but are not usually helpful for terminal patients.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a form of advance directive?

Accepted Answer

The other options (DNR, durable power of attorney, and donation after cardiac death) are all forms of advance directives, but document of self-actualization is not.

Question 6

Which organs or tissues can be recovered after death or after a patient has already been removed from life support?

Accepted Answer

Bone can be recovered after death, as it does not require the same level of oxygenation as organs like the heart, liver, or pancreas to remain viable for transplantation.

Question 7

Denial, rationalization, regression, and repression are common forms of what type of mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

Denial, rationalization, regression, and repression are all common forms of coping mechanisms. Coping mechanisms are used to deal with stress, anxiety, or other difficult emotions or situations.

Question 8

For what type of research was Sister Callista Roy best known?

Accepted Answer

Sister Callista Roy was best known for her adaptation model, which describes how individuals adapt to changes in their environment to achieve homeostasis.

Question 9

A person with only basic physiological functions of respiration, blood pressure, and heartbeat intact is categorized as having suffered which kind of death?

Accepted Answer

Higher brain death refers to the loss of higher brain functions, which include cognition, consciousness, and the ability to interact with the environment, while basic physiological functions like respiration, blood pressure, and heartbeat may still be maintained artificially or remain intact.

Question 10

Maslow's research produced a hierarchical structure of ___________.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's research is famous for producing a hierarchical structure of human needs, often depicted as a pyramid, which outlines the progression of human motivation from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Five Stages of Grief"?

Accepted Answer

The "Five Stages of Grief" are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Repression is not one of the stages.

Question 12

Who would be responsible for seeking consent from family members for organ donation after a patient is determined to have suffered whole-brain death?

Accepted Answer

The facility's gift of life coordinator is responsible for seeking consent from family members for organ donation after a patient is determined to have suffered whole-brain death. They are trained to communicate with family members in a sensitive and empathetic manner and help them make an informed decision about donation. The other options listed are not typically involved in this process.

Question 13

Which of the following religions typically prohibits its followers from receiving blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Jehovah's Witnesses do not permit blood transfusions due to their interpretation of the Bible's commandment to abstain from blood. Roman Catholics, Mormons, and Protestants do not generally prohibit blood transfusions.

Question 14

Which of the following terms represents a positive physical and psychological state of a patient?

Accepted Answer

Eustress refers to a positive form of stress where a patient experiences a desirable level of arousal, which can enhance their physical and psychological functioning, whereas distress represents negative stress that harms the patient's well-being. Dyspnea refers to difficulty in breathing and euthanasia refers to intentionally ending a patient's life to relieve their suffering, both of which do not represent a positive state of a patient.

Question 15

Which of the following needs identified by Maslow would likely be MOST prominent in a surgical patient's mind?

Accepted Answer

A surgical patient would likely be focused on their safety needs as they may be anxious or concerned about the procedure, potential complications, and the overall safety of the hospital environment. Their primary concern would be to ensure that they are physically safe and well taken care of during and after the surgery. Esteem, love and belonging, and self-actualization needs may not be as prominent in their mind during this time.

Question 16

Which of the following legislative rulings requires medical facilities to inform patients of their rights to choose the types and extent of medical care available and their legal right to advance directives?

Accepted Answer

The Patient Self-Determination Act requires medical facilities to inform patients of their rights to choose the types and extent of medical care available and their legal right to advance directives. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act focuses more on Medicare and Medicaid funding and regulations. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act focuses on regulating food, drug, and cosmetic products. The Affordable Care Act focuses on healthcare reform and increasing access to healthcare.

Question 17

Which type of general category of death would most likely generate high emotional trauma for family members and a need to follow protocols for preservation of evidence in the perioperative period?

Accepted Answer

Accidental deaths, such as those caused by trauma or unexpected events, often result in high emotional trauma for family members and may require preservation of evidence in the perioperative period. This is particularly true for cases involving potential legal or criminal investigation. Chronic, prolonged, and terminal deaths may also generate emotional trauma, but they are typically predictable and may not require the same level of evidence preservation.

Question 18

Under what circumstances would many hospitals rescind (invalidate) a "Do Not Resuscitate/Do Not Intubate" order?

Accepted Answer

A "Do Not Resuscitate/Do Not Intubate" (DNR/DNI) order may be temporarily rescinded if a patient must undergo a therapeutic surgical procedure where the potential for resuscitation or intubation is part of the procedural protocol or necessary for the patient's survival during the procedure.

Question 19

Which of the following levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the pinnacle and can be accomplished only when all other needs are met?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and can only be achieved once all lower levels of needs (physiological, safety, love and belonging, and esteem) have been satisfied. This level involves reaching one's full potential, pursuing personal growth and development, and achieving self-fulfillment.

Question 20

Which of the following religions believes in reincarnation and that the rebirth is influenced by the previous death experience?

Accepted Answer

Buddhism believes in reincarnation, and the rebirth is influenced by the previous death experience. This is a fundamental belief in Buddhist philosophy, where the ultimate goal is to achieve Nirvana (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). Judaism and Islam do not believe in reincarnation, while atheism is a belief system that asserts that God or gods do not exist.

Quiz 3: The Surgical Patient