Question 1

Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.

Accepted Answer

Social cognition research has shown that evaluation is a fundamental aspect of perception, meaning that we tend to form opinions and judgments about what we perceive. This can include attributing traits, emotions, and intentions to others based on their behavior and appearance.

Question 2

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce ____.

Accepted Answer

Research on cognitive dissonance and self-justification shows that appealing to a higher power can be an effective way to reduce dissonance between conflicting beliefs or behaviors, by attributing the decision or action to a divine mandate rather than personal choice. This can help individuals reconcile their beliefs and behaviors and reduce the discomfort of dissonance.

Question 3

Jeanne believes that her son is a genius. He takes multiple difference IQ tests and scores below average. He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home. He does not excel at anything he does. Yet Jeanne continues to belief in his superior intellect. Jeanne is illustrating belief perseverance.

Accepted Answer

Belief perseverance refers to the tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence. In this case, Jeanne persistently believes in her son's superior intellect despite evidence to the contrary.

Question 4

Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that self-awareness about academic preferences can lead to better decision-making, increased motivation and confidence, and ultimately better physical and mental health outcomes in college.

Question 5

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

Accepted Answer

Attitude accessibility refers to the ease with which an attitude is activated in the individual's mind. It depends on factors like the strength and frequency of the attitude, personal relevance, past experiences, and cognitive accessibility.

Question 6

Your text proposes that religious belief

Accepted Answer

The text states that religious belief can help people cope with traumatic events, which suggests that it may provide a source of comfort and support in difficult times. The other options are not supported by the text: A suggests that religious belief causes fear, C suggests that it increases stress, and D suggests that it reduces guilt, but the text does not make these claims.

Question 7

As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, gamblers use...

Question 8

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect can occur for stimuli presented at both conscious and nonconscious (subliminal) levels, indicating that repeated exposure to a stimulus can increase an individual's preference for it, even if the stimulus is not consciously perceived.

Question 9

Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way).

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Other animals, including rats, dogs, and cats, have been shown to learn through classical conditioning.

Question 10

The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The A-B problem refers to the inconsistency between people's stated attitudes (A) and their actual behavior (B).

Question 11

Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates, dogs, and birds, as much as it bothers people.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inconsistency bothers certain animals, such as primates,...

Question 12

Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

None of the options provided are inherently more likely to be anxious, depressed or low in self-esteem, as these factors can be affected by a multitude of variables. However, Holly's belief in UFOs may subject her to ridicule or social ostracism, which could potentially contribute to feelings of anxiety, depression or low self-esteem.

Question 13

Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?

Accepted Answer

While animals may have basic behavioral reactions and instincts, humans have a much greater range of attitudes and beliefs shaped by culture, upbringing, and individual experiences. Thus, humans have more attitudes than animals.

Question 14

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior...

Question 15

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Consumer surveys are primarily used to gather explicit attitudes, which are conscious evaluations and opinions that people are aware of and can report on. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, are often unconscious and automatic, and can only be detected through indirect measures such as reaction times or physiological responses.

Question 16

As discussed in the text, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to ____.

Accepted Answer

People who hold irrational attitudes often have low self-esteem, as these beliefs can be a way to cope with feelings of inadequacy or lack of control.

Question 17

As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as ____.

Accepted Answer

The most common cognitive tendency among gamblers is to see losses as "near wins," which means they see their losing outcomes as being very close to winning outcomes. This perception gives them the illusion that they were very close to winning and that they should keep playing to get that win. This tendency is known as the "near-miss effect" and is heavily documented in gambling research.

Question 18

Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."

Accepted Answer

Social learning and instrumental learning are two different types of learning, with social learning focusing on observing and imitating others, while instrumental learning is focused on rewards and punishments that result from specific behaviors.

Question 19

The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is ____.

Accepted Answer

Humans have a greater capacity for self-awareness and cognitive reflection, which leads to a stronger sense of moral responsibility and a desire for consistency in beliefs and behaviors. While some animal species may exhibit limited forms of consistency, it is not as prevalent or complex as in human behaviors.

Question 20

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Iris is a vegetarian, but she was...

Quiz 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency