The steppe tradition that caused the greatest problem for the Islamic empires was the

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The bloody competition among heirs to the throne was a major problem for Islamic empires, particularly during the time of succession. The steppe tradition of rival heirs fighting for the throne often led to civil wars and weakened the empire's overall stability and strength. This was evident in the Abbasid, Seljuk, and Timurid empires. A and B are not relevant, and while D and E were present in steppe traditions, they were not necessarily the main cause of problems for Islamic empires.

The Steppe Tradition That Caused the Greatest Problem for the Islamic