Data independence refers to decoupling the data from the system applications, and it is a major difference between the centralized database approach and the applications approach.

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Data independence is a key characteristic of a centralized database system, as it allows applications to be built and modified without affecting the underlying data structure. In contrast, in an applications approach, the data is typically tightly coupled to the application, making it harder to modify or scale the system.

Data Independence Refers to Decoupling the Data from the System