The "black codes" enacted by southern legislatures:

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The "black codes" were a series of laws enacted by southern legislatures that restricted the rights and freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War. These codes aimed to restore key elements of slavery, such as by imposing harsh penalties for "vagrancy" and "loitering," which were often used to incarcerate African Americans for little reason or for simply seeking better wages and working conditions. Some codes also forbade blacks from owning firearms, serving on juries, and testifying against white people in court. Congress ultimately rejected these codes as a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the principles of freedom and equality embodied in the Constitution.

The "Black Codes" Enacted by Southern Legislatures