Question 1

A rat being provided with ICS is wired to deliver electrical stimulation to its own _____ by pressing a bar in a Skinner box.

Accepted Answer

The limbic system is responsible for emotional and motivational behaviors. Providing a rat with intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) allows it to stimulate the reward centers in its limbic system by pressing a bar in the Skinner box. This creates a positive reinforcement loop that encourages the rat to continually press the bar to experience the pleasurable sensation. Therefore, the correct answer is C, limbic system.

Question 2

A rat being provided with ICS will also self-administer _____.When they do, the rats are even more likely to engage in ICS because this drug further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A rat being provided with ICS will...

Question 3

Many natural _____ reinforcers activate the same pleasure pathways in the brain that make ICS so powerful.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are direct biological needs such as food, water, and sex that activate pleasure pathways in the brain. These natural reinforcers are powerful because they fulfill a biological need and provide immediate pleasure or relief. This makes them similar to ICS, which also activates pleasure pathways in the brain. Secondary and conditional reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers and gain their reinforcing power through learned associations, so they may not activate the same pleasure pathways in the brain as natural or primary reinforcers. Elicited reinforcers are not a recognized type of reinforcer.

Question 4

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Grades can serve as secondary reinforcers because they are associated with a primary reinforcer, such as praise or recognition.

Question 5

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers.Thus, they are a type of _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Tokens are considered secondary reinforcers because they acquire their reinforcing value through being paired with primary reinforcers (such as food, praise, or money). The ability to exchange tokens for primary reinforcers increases their reinforcing value and effectiveness in shaping behavior.

Question 6

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) of the pleasure centers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

After rats are revived from exhaustion, they typically continue to press the lever for ICS, indicating that the stimulation remains highly reinforcing.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Money is not a primary reinforcer because it does not satisfy a biological need directly; it is a secondary reinforcer that gains its value through association with primary reinforcers.

Question 8

Praise, approval, affection, and money are considered _____ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are those that acquire their value through their association with primary reinforcers, such as food or water. Praise, approval, affection, and money do not have inherent value, but they can become reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers or previous experience.

Question 9

Direct stimulation of "pleasure centers" in the brains of rats can serve as _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The direct stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain of rats is an example of primary reinforcement, which means the reinforcement occurs naturally without the need for learning or association with other stimuli. The pleasure centers in the brain are associated with the release of dopamine and are often linked with natural rewards such as food, water, and sex. The direct stimulation of these areas bypasses the need for these natural rewards and provides an immediate reinforcing effect.

Question 10

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that acquire their reinforcing properties through pairing with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers. Of the options listed, only praise fits this criteria. ICS (not sure what this stands for) and psychoactive drugs are not commonly used as reinforcers, and while food can be a primary reinforcer, it does not meet the criteria for a secondary reinforcer as it has not been paired with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.

Question 11

_____ reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are conditioned reinforcers that gain their value through association with primary reinforcers such as food, water, and sex. They can also be traded or exchanged for primary reinforcers, which explains their ability to promote learning. Stimulus and higher-order reinforcers do not necessarily have to be associated with primary reinforcers, and negative reinforcers involve the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus rather than the presentation of a reinforcing one.

Question 12

A(n) _____ reinforcer is a learned reinforcer that often gains its reinforcing properties by its association with food, water, or sex.

Accepted Answer

A secondary reinforcer is a learned reinforcer that gains its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcers such as food, water, or sex. These primary reinforcers are biologically important and do not require learning to be rewarding, whereas secondary reinforcers become rewarding through their association with primary reinforcers.

Question 13

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A primary reinforcer is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as food, that satisfies a biological need. Praise, money, and attention are considered secondary or conditioned reinforcers as they acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers or other reinforcing stimuli.

Question 14

Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral, but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers gain their reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers, which are naturally reinforcing.

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A primary reinforcer is something that is naturally reinforcing, satisfying a basic biological need or drive. Psychoactive drugs can directly affect the brain's reward system, making them primary reinforcers.

Question 16

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) of the pleasure centers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that no humans have ever undergone intracranial self-stimulation is false. Humans have undergone ICS in rare cases for the treatment of certain neurological disorders.

Question 17

Money is to secondary reinforcer as food is to _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are unconditioned reinforcers that are not learned through association, but are naturally rewarding (such as food or water). Thus, food is a primary reinforcer.

Question 18

A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing because it became associated with food would be called a _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A secondary reinforcer is a previously neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being associated with a primary reinforcer, such as food. It is also known as a conditioned reinforcer, as it acquires its reinforcing properties through classical conditioning.

Question 19

Intra-cranial stimulation (ICS) is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Intra-cranial stimulation (ICS) is a(n)
...

Question 20

Secondary reinforcers are

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are not innately reinforcing, but they become reinforcing through their association with primary reinforcers, which are reinforcing because they fulfill biological needs. Therefore, secondary reinforcers are learned.

Quiz 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

A rat being provided with ICS is wired to deliver electrical stimulation to its own _____ by pressing a bar in a Skinner box.

A rat being provided with ICS will also self-administer _____.When they do, the rats are even more likely to engage in ICS because this drug further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways in the brain.

Many natural _____ reinforcers activate the same pleasure pathways in the brain that make ICS so powerful.

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers.Thus, they are a type of _____ reinforcer.

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) of the pleasure centers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

Praise, approval, affection, and money are considered _____ reinforcers.

Direct stimulation of "pleasure centers" in the brains of rats can serve as _____ reinforcement.

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

_____ reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.

A(n) _____ reinforcer is a learned reinforcer that often gains its reinforcing properties by its association with food, water, or sex.

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral, but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) of the pleasure centers, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Money is to secondary reinforcer as food is to _____ reinforcer.

A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing because it became associated with food would be called a _____ reinforcer.

Intra-cranial stimulation (ICS) is a(n)

Secondary reinforcers are