Question 1

New evidence suggests that the calcarea belong to a clade separate from other sponges.Discuss the evidence upon which this idea is based.

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Question 2

Explain the unique attributes of hexactinellids as compared to other sponges.

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Question 3

Describe the characteristics of the Phylum Porifera.Which of those characteristics support the contention that the sponges are the basal group of the Animal kingdom?

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Question 4

About 95% of the sponges belong to the class __________.

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Question 5

Deep-sea sponges with six-rayed siliceous spicules and a trabecular reticulum belong to the ______________.Hexactinellids are sponges with six-rayed spicules and a trabecular reticulum.

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Question 6

About 80% of particulate organic carbon in the marine environment is in the form of the smallest particles that sponges can consume,and phagocytosis of these particles is carried out by the ____________.Choanocytes create water currents and filter particulate food matter from the water.

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Question 7

The simplest body plan of sponges is ____________,and the plan characterized by flagellated canals is leuconoids.

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Question 8

All digestion in sponges is intracellular and is carried out by the ____________________.

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Question 9

Sponge beds have been heavily "fished" for bath sponges and in other cases pollution or an imbalance in organisms has devastated other sponge beds.What is the likely overall consequence of this in the ocean environment?

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Question 10

There are a few marine sponges that are large enough that a small person could crawl inside.Would you have to worry about your tissues being digested?

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Question 11

Internal buds of freshwater sponges that can withstand adverse conditions are ____________________.Gemmules are found in freshwater and a few marine sponges.They are internal buds that withstand harsh environmental conditions.

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Question 12

Explain the concept of monophyly as it applies to the animals.How do the relationships of placozoans and poriferans,as explained in this chapter,contribute to our understanding of the base of the animal tree shown on the inside cover of the book?

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Question 13

Thin,epithelial-type cells covering the outer surface of sponges are the ________________.

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Quiz 12: Sponges and Placozoans