Question 1

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,during which of the following stages do people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same?

Accepted Answer

In Kohlberg's theory, the stage where people pursue their own interests but also let others do the same is called individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange. This stage is characterized by an understanding of fairness as being based on an equal exchange between individuals. It is the second stage in Kohlberg's theory and usually appears in adolescence.

Question 2

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience,a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience,even though the decision might involve personal risk.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that individuals at the universal ethical principles stage believe in moral principles and values that transcend societal norms and laws. These individuals prioritize their own sense of morality and would follow their conscience even if it goes against the law or involves personal risk.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE of Dale Schunk's findings about students with high self-efficacy?

Accepted Answer

Dale Schunk's findings suggest that students with high self-efficacy persist longer at learning tasks than those with low self-efficacy. Option A is incorrect as students with high self-efficacy are more likely to expend effort on learning tasks. Option B is incorrect as students with high self-efficacy do not have an "I cannot" attitude, but rather a "I can do it" attitude. Option D is incorrect as students with high self-efficacy do not avoid learning tasks, but rather are motivated to take on challenging tasks.

Question 4

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others,so that others are nice to them.According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,Clarissa is currently in which of the following levels?

Accepted Answer

Clarissa's reasoning aligns with the "Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange" stage, where actions are guided by self-interest and reciprocal benefits.

Question 5

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development,appearing during middle and late childhood,is called:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called industry versus inferiority. During this stage, children learn to master new skills and tasks, which helps to foster a sense of competence and industry. If children are unsuccessful in these tasks, they may develop feelings of inferiority.

Question 6

Keith is trying to help his son,Judd,deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless.Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and all of their belongings.A strategy that Keith should NOT implement is to:

Accepted Answer

Allowing a child to repeatedly watch news footage of a traumatic event can increase their distress and make it harder for them to cope. Therefore, Keith should not allow his child to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy.

Answer: A, B, D
 Allowing a child to talk about their feelings and fears related to the traumatic event can be helpful in promoting their emotional recovery. Therefore, Keith should allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event and encourage him to talk about his nightmares. Additionally, reassuring his son that this type of tragedy is rare and that he is safe can help to reduce his anxiety and promote his sense of security.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true of self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation is not necessarily characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks, as some individuals may find it challenging to regulate their behavior even in simpler tasks. The other options are true statements about self-regulation.

Question 8

The increased capacity for self-regulation that is seen in middle and late childhood is linked to developmental advances in the:

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions such as planning, decision-making, impulse control, and self-regulation. As it continues to develop during middle and late childhood, children become better equipped to regulate their behavior and emotions.

Question 9

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus,Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights.According to Kai,the university has rules that are unfair to women; and she is morally against such discriminatory practices.Kai is likely operating at the ________ reasoning level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

Accepted Answer

Kai's reasoning is based on a moral principle of equal rights for all human beings, regardless of gender. This aligns with the postconventional level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where an individual's moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles that transcend social norms and conventions. At this level, individuals are motivated to work for the greater good and challenge unjust laws or practices.

Question 10

At which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development does a person understand that values,rights,and principles undergird or transcend the law?

Accepted Answer

The stage at which a person understands that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law is the social contract or utility and individual rights stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this stage, a person recognizes that laws are not absolute and can be changed if they violate individual rights and principles. Instead, they support the idea of a social contract that prioritizes the greater good and fairness for all individuals.

Question 11

A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says,"Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical.I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The person is motivated by a sense of justice and believes in a higher moral principle that overrides the rules of the company, indicating postconventional reasoning. They are willing to accept the consequences of their actions because they believe they did the right thing in exposing the company's wrongdoing.

Question 12

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development do individuals value trust,caring,and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments?

Accepted Answer

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity is the stage at which individuals begin to value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments. In this stage, individuals seek to maintain the stereotypical roles and interpersonal expectations that are associated with their social group. They also work to maintain the interpersonal relationships that are crucial to their sense of security and social identity.

Question 13

Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected.She believes that the current law in her country which prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed.According to Kohlberg,which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Tapi's belief in protecting inalienable rights and advocating for a change in an unjust law reflects a postconventional level of moral reasoning. This level involves recognizing and questioning societal norms and laws, and basing moral decisions on universal principles such as justice and equality.

Question 14

Which of the following stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order,law,justice,and duty?

Accepted Answer

Social systems morality is the stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development characterized by moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. This stage is focused on maintaining the social order, following the law, and fulfilling one's duty to society. Individuals at this stage often see morality as a social contract and believe that laws and rules are important for maintaining social order.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg,which of the following is the first stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's first stage of moral development is heteronomous morality, which occurs during early childhood. In this stage, children view rules as unchangeable and are strictly enforced by authority figures. Children in this stage believe that breaking rules leads to punishment, regardless of the intentions or consequences of their actions.

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by:

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg presented children with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas to study their moral development. This method is known as the "Heinz dilemma," and involves asking children to evaluate a situation in which a man named Heinz needs to decide whether to steal a medicine that he cannot afford to save his wife's life. Kohlberg then used their responses to determine their stage of moral reasoning.

Question 17

Julio,12,cannot get his science project to work.In fact,it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly.According to Erik Erikson,Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that at the stage of industry vs. inferiority (ages 6-11), children begin to develop a sense of competence or incompetence in completing tasks. Julio's inability to get his science project to work may lead him to feel a sense of inferiority, which can have negative effects on his self-esteem and motivation. Therefore, Julio is at risk of developing a sense of inferiority.

Question 18

According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest stage of moral development is:

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development grouped into three levels. The highest stage of moral development is the universal ethical principles level, where individuals develop their own moral code based on universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human dignity. This level goes beyond society's laws and norms and is guided by internal principles that reflect a personal sense of justice and respect for others.

Question 19

Darren is an active 12-year-old boy.When his friend Simon cheats in a game,he tends to get irritated.However,Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad.Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

Accepted Answer

Darren is displaying self-regulation in his actions. He is able to control his anger and approach the situation in a mature manner by explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Self-regulation is the ability to manage one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviours in different situations.

Question 20

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment.According to Kohlberg,Megan is currently in the ________ reasoning level of moral development,

Accepted Answer

In the preconventional level, individuals make moral decisions based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards. Megan's fear of punishment falls under this level. In the conventional level, individuals make moral decisions based on social norms and expectations, while in the postconventional level, individuals make decisions based on personal values and ethical principles.

Quiz 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood