Question 1

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children,from about five years of age onward:

Accepted Answer

Boys tend to form larger groups and engage in activities that involve more participants, while girls often prefer smaller, more intimate groups.

Question 2

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

Accepted Answer

Gender schema refers to the cognitive framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information related to gender, thus fueling gender typing by influencing how people perceive and enact gender roles.

Question 3

Suzie,aged three,has to eat everything on her plate at dinner.When she does not,her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day.Suzie also has strict schedules for playing,watching television,and studying,and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment.Suzie's father is most likely a(n):

Accepted Answer

Suzie's father is enforcing strict rules and punishments without taking into account her feelings or reasoning. This is characteristic of authoritarian parenting, where the parent exerts high levels of control and demands obedience from the child. The punishments used by Suzie's father, such as sending her to bed without dinner and spanking, are also typical of authoritarian parenting.

Question 4

Girls are more likely to engage in _____,in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

Accepted Answer

Collaborative discourse involves more equal sharing of ideas and conversational turns, which is a typical communication style for girls. Rough-and-tumble play, dominating play, and ego display are more related to physical and competitive behaviors, and are not necessarily linked to gender.

Question 5

According to Freud,preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the:

Accepted Answer

The Oedipus complex is a Freudian concept that describes the psychosexual development of preschool-aged boys. According to this theory, boys develop an unconscious sexual desire for their mother and see their father as a rival. The resolution of this conflict leads to the formation of the superego and the development of a strong identification with the father.

Question 6

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing:

Accepted Answer

Children's developing schemas are their internal frameworks for understanding and interpreting the world around them. These schemas guide their perceptions and actions, and are built over time through experiences and interactions. While children may have preferences and may assume specific roles in their play or social interactions, it is their schemas that drive their cognitive and behavioral development.

Question 7

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory of gender holds that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, which was originally described by Freud as the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. Therefore, the condition described in girls is the Electra complex.

Question 8

Children between the age of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

Accepted Answer

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 often prefer to play in groups with peers of the same sex due to shared interests and social dynamics.

Question 9

When asked to describe his parenting style,Juan stated,"In my house,my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):

Accepted Answer

Juan's statement indicates that he expects his children to follow his rules and decisions without question or input from them, which is characteristic of an authoritarian parenting style where the parent has high control and low warmth. The authoritarian parent focuses on obedience and discipline, often using punishment to control their child's behavior.

Question 10

A parent who uses a restrictive,punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

Accepted Answer

An authoritarian parent uses a restrictive and controlling style of parenting, with the emphasis on obedience, rules, and punishment. This style of parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, where parents have little or no explanation for their demands and expect children to listen and obey unquestioningly. Children with authoritarian parents may develop low self-esteem, anxiety, and aggression, as they are not encouraged to think for themselves or express their opinions.

Question 11

Karen is often praised for her gender typical behavior.Her parents make statements like "Karen,you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for which theory of gender development?

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of socialization and reinforcement in learning gender roles, where behaviors are learned through observation, imitation, and rewards or punishments. Karen's parents praising her for playing with a doll is an example of reinforcement of gender-typical behavior.

Question 12

Logan is a warm and loving parent,but he also has high expectations of his kids.As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children,Baumrind would classify him as a(n):

Accepted Answer

Logan's warm and loving nature along with his high expectations suggests that he provides structure and rules for his children, but also supports their independence and decision-making skills. This aligns with the authoritative parenting style, which is characterized by responsiveness and demandingness. The other options - authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful - do not fit with the given description of Logan's parenting style.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children's gender development?

Accepted Answer

Fathers often show more attention to sons than daughters, influencing their gender development by encouraging behaviors traditionally associated with masculinity.

Question 14

A _____ is a cognitive structure,a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive structure guiding an individual's perceptions is called a schema. Other options do not fit the definition provided.

Question 15

A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

Accepted Answer

A gender schema is a cognitive framework that organizes the world in terms of female and male. It involves a set of beliefs, expectations, and norms about what it means to be male or female, and influences our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors towards others. Gender roles and gender identities are also related to gender schemas, but they are more specific aspects of the overall framework. Gender bias refers to any discrimination or prejudice based on gender, and is not necessarily related to the cognitive organization of gender.

Question 16

Around the age of _____,children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that by the age of three, children show a clear preference for spending time with same-sex peers.

Question 17

Lucy frequently spanks her child,enforces rigid household rules,and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken.Lucy is most likely a(n):

Accepted Answer

Lucy's behavior of enforcing rigid rules and using physical punishment suggests an authoritarian parenting style that emphasizes obedience and control over children's behavior. The rage she exhibits toward her child further highlights her strict and demanding nature, typical of authoritarian parents.

Question 18

Bit by bit,children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture,and develop gender_____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

Accepted Answer

Schemas are cognitive structures that organize information about traits and behaviors associated with different genders. They shape how one perceives and remembers information related to gender. Gender identities (A) refer to a person's sense of themselves as male or female, while gender roles (B) are the behaviors and tasks considered appropriate for males and females in a given culture. Types (D) is a vague term in this context and does not accurately describe the concept being discussed.

Question 19

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

Accepted Answer

An authoritative parent encourages independence but also sets limits and controls on their child's actions. They are responsive to their child's needs, provide reasoning behind their actions, and establish clear rules and consequences. This parenting style is considered the most effective in promoting healthy development in children.

Question 20

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

Accepted Answer

A little boy playing with a doll is most likely to be rejected by peers due to traditional gender role expectations that discourage boys from engaging in activities perceived as feminine.

Quiz 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood