Question 1

The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is approximately 10%. This means that at some point in their life, about 1 in 10 people will experience a major depressive episode.

Question 2

In the 1980s,when researchers began seeking gene variants that caused or contributed to bipolar disorder,it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations.These findings,looking back,most likely mean that

Accepted Answer

The fact that each extended family had its own mutations suggests that bipolar disorder is caused by many gene variant combinations, but only a few such variants are seen in any one family. This supports the idea that bipolar disorder is a complex disorder with multiple genetic factors involved, rather than being caused by a single gene or mutation.

Question 3

Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the body makes a similar chemical.Endorphins are the human equivalent of

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are naturally occurring compounds in the human body that bind to the same receptors as opiates, such as morphine and heroin. Therefore, endorphins are the human equivalent of opiates. They can produce analgesia, sedation, and euphoria.

Question 4

A gene variant that,when homozygous,may be common to people with addictions to different substances is

Accepted Answer

The A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor has been associated with addictions to various substances, including drugs, alcohol, and nicotine. Homozygosity for this allele is more common in individuals with substance dependence compared to those without. The other gene variants listed are associated with specific conditions (CFTR and cystic fibrosis) or neurotransmitter systems (serotonin and dopamine transporters) but are not necessarily tied to addiction across multiple substances.

Question 5

Anandamide (and THC)differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind to

Accepted Answer

Anandamide and THC bind to presynaptic receptors, which is different from most neurotransmitters that typically bind to postsynaptic receptors. This binding modulates neurotransmitter release.

Question 6

LSD binds receptors that normally bind

Accepted Answer

The answer of LSD binds receptors that normally bind
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Question 7

Bipolar disorder affects about _____ percent of the U.S.population.

Accepted Answer

Bipolar disorder affects about 1 percent of the U.S. population.

Question 8

SSRIs such as Prozac,Paxil,and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat

Accepted Answer

SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are commonly prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which can improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. They have not been found to be effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia, and minor depressive disorder is not a recognized diagnosis.

Question 9

Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer because

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens that can bind to nicotinic receptors in the lungs, leading to mutations and cancer development.

Question 10

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

Accepted Answer

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are tolerance and dependence. Tolerance refers to the need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and dependence refers to the experience of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Intolerance and independence are not specific to addiction and do not reflect the key characteristics of the condition.

Question 11

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression by

Accepted Answer

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent presynaptic neurons from taking up serotonin from the synapse. This results in increased serotonin levels in the synapse, which can help alleviate symptoms of depression. Inhibiting production of serotonin or preventing postsynaptic neurons from releasing serotonin would not be effective in treating depression. Releasing endomorphins in the plasma membranes of the postsynaptic neurons is not a known mechanism of SSRIs.

Question 12

Erica needs to increasingly consume more cocaine to get the same effect.She is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Erica's increasing need for more cocaine to achieve the same effect is a clear indication of tolerance, which means that her body has adapted to the drug, and she needs higher doses to experience its effects. Dependance would involve withdrawal symptoms and difficulty reducing dosage or stopping use. Paranoia and suicidal ideation are symptoms related to long-term drug use, but they do not necessarily indicate tolerance.

Question 13

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of

Accepted Answer

Anandamide is known as the "bliss molecule" and is a neurotransmitter that has a similar chemical structure to THC, the active component in marijuana. It is produced naturally in the body and is involved in regulating mood and pain.

Question 14

The biological basis of nicotine addiction is that nicotinic receptors bind

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors specifically bind nicotine molecules and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When nicotine binds to these receptors, it triggers the release of dopamine, which causes pleasurable feelings and leads to addiction.

Question 15

Age of onset for schizophrenia is

Accepted Answer

The most common age of onset for schizophrenia is early adulthood, typically in the late teens to mid-30s. While there may be some genetic and environmental factors that can contribute to the development of schizophrenia earlier in life, such as prenatal or childhood factors, these are relatively rare.

Question 16

Dr.Gregory House,a character on a television program,experiences severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone,a drug that he originally took to alleviate leg pain,but has not been able to give up.He is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described suggest dependence, which is characterized by the body's adaptation to a drug, requiring increased dosages to achieve the same effect and leading to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. Tolerance refers to the need for increased doses of a drug to achieve the same effect, while paranoia and suicidal ideation do not fit the description of the symptoms described.

Question 17

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

Accepted Answer

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect thinking, such as disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating, and confusion. Hearing and vision may be affected later in the progression of the illness, but they are not typically early symptoms. Aggression is also not a common early symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 18

Schizophrenia affects about _____ percent of the population.

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide.

Question 19

Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed.If he does,he just sits at the kitchen table with his head on his hands.Yet for a few weeks,about once every four or five months,he reverses mood.He becomes chatty and animated,uncharacteristically spending lavishly.Harold most likely has

Accepted Answer

Harold's alternating moods of extreme sadness and periods of intense energy and spending suggest that he may have bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, which are not mentioned in the scenario. Euphoria alone is not a disorder, but it may be a symptom of various mental health conditions. Major depressive disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and lack of interest in activities, but Harold's mood cycles do not fit this pattern.

Question 20

A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that major depressive disorder is associated with a decrease in serotonin transmission, and one possible biological basis for this is that the reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane do not function adequately, leading to a decrease in serotonin levels in the synapse. This is the basis for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as a treatment for depression, as they prevent the reuptake of serotonin and increase its availability in the synapse.

Quiz 8: Genetics of Behavior